In an upcoming issue of the journal Nature, a team of scientists from Brookhaven National Laboratory will be reporting about using DNA molecules as templates to create three-dimensional ordered crystals of nanoparticles. Here’s an explanation on the nifty ways investigators used base pair complementarity to achieve these results:

As with the group’s previous work, the new assembly method relies on the attractive forces between complementary strands of DNA – the molecule made of pairing bases known by the letters A, T, G, and C that carries the genetic code of living things. First, the scientists attach to nanoparticles hair-like extensions of DNA with specific “recognition sequences” of complementary bases. Then they mix the DNA-covered particles in solution. When the recognition sequences find one another in solution, they bind together to link the nanoparticles.
This first binding is necessary, but not sufficient, to produce the organized structures the scientists are seeking. To achieve ordered crystals, the scientists alter the properties of DNA and borrow some techniques known for traditional crystals.
Importantly, they heat the samples of DNA-linked particles and then cool them back to room temperature. “This ‘thermal processing’ is somewhat similar to annealing used in forming more common crystals made from atoms,” explained Nykypanchuk. [Dmytro Nykypanchuk from Brookhaven's Center for Functional Nanomaterials --ed.] “It allows the nanoparticles to unbind, reshuffle, and find more stable binding arrangements.”
The team also experimented with different degrees of DNA flexibility, recognition sequences, and DNA designs in order to find a “sweet spot” of interactions where a stable, crystalline form would appear.
Results from a variety of analysis techniques, including small angle x-ray scattering at the National Synchrotron Light Source and dynamic light scattering and different types of optical spectroscopies and electron microscopy at the CFN, were combined to reveal the detail of the ordered structures and the underlying processes for their formation. These results indicate that the scientists have indeed found that sweet spot to create 3-D nanoparticle assemblies with long-range crystalline order using DNA. The crystals are remarkably open, with the nanoparticles themselves occupying only 5 percent of the crystal lattice volume, and DNA occupying another 5 percent. “This open structure leaves a lot of room for future modifications, including the incorporation of different nano-objects or biomolecules, which will lead to enhanced nanoscale properties and new classes of applications,” said Maye. [Mathew Maye from Brookhaven's Center for Functional Nanomaterials --ed.] For example, pairing gold nanoparticles with other metals often improves catalytic activity. Additionally, the DNA linking molecules can be used as a kind of chemical scaffold for adding small molecules, polymers, or proteins.
Furthermore, once the crystal structure is set, it remains stable through repeated heating and cooling cycles, a feature important to many potential applications.
The crystals are also extraordinarily sensitive to thermal expansion – 100 times more sensitive than ordinary materials, probably due to the heat sensitivity of DNA. This significant thermal expansion could be a plus in controlling optical and magnetic properties, for example, which are strongly affected by changes in the distance between particles. The ability to effect large changes in these properties underlies many potential applications such as energy conversion and storage, as well as sensor technology.

DNA Technique Yields 3-D Crystalline Organization of Nanoparticles …