Archives: 9/2007

542orr1 The Orion Helium Ion MicroscopeALIS (Atomic Level Imaging Source), a Peabody, Massachusetts based unit of Carl Zeiss SMT AG, is another winner of WSJ’s 2007 Technology Innovation Awards, in the category of Materials and Other Base Technologies. Its Orion Helium Ion Microscope, described as “the brightest illumination source ever created by man,” offers unprecedented spatial resolution and ease of use, over electronic microscopes. The company has so far sold one unit, and has five more under construction.
542orr2 The Orion Helium Ion Microscope

In a move that will revolutionize the way we view the world, Carl Zeiss SMT has developed a next-generation microscopy tool that is able to see things never before visible.
This breakthrough in physics is an important milestone because advancements in electron microscopy have been few and far between since the mid-1960s, and scanning electron microscopes are near their practical performance limits. Today’s scientists struggle with problems they can’t solve because they can’t see what they need to see. In addition, sample preparation procedures are slow, tedious and imprecise.
Carl Zeiss SMT discovered the key that unlocked the potential of a gas field ion source (GFIS) to make possible a whole new, disruptive, microscopy tool. The Orion helium ion source enables this new generation helium ion microscope.
The Orion helium ion microscope operates somewhat like a typical focused ion beam system. There is a source, which produces a stream of helium ions; a column which accelerates, collimates, focuses and scans the beam; and a vacuum chamber that contains the sample to be imaged. A variety of detectors provide the flexibility of generating images.
542orr3 The Orion Helium Ion MicroscopeThe ALIS scanning ion microscope uses a beam of helium ions as the imaging particles. Since ions can be focused into a smaller probe size and have less sample interaction than electrons, the ALIS microscope can generate higher resolution images with more material contrast so more detail can be seen. We expect to be able to see things much smaller than we’ve ever been able to see with even the most sophisticated scanning electron microscope (SEM).

Product page: Atomic Level Imaging Source – Systems & Microscopes – Carl Zeiss SMT …
WSJ: 2007 Technology Innovation Winners and Runners-Up …

xstop22 X STOP® IPD® Procedure
X-STOP® IPD® (Interspinous Process Decompression) device is another medgadget recognized by this year’s WSJ Technology Innovation Awards. (Life is easy for us: WSJ did the research, we spread the word.)
Kyphon Inc., the company that purchased rights to the device, explains its indications:
xstop11 X STOP® IPD® Procedure

The X-STOP® Interspinous Process Decompression (IPD®) System is the first alternative to conventional spinal stenosis surgery proven to significantly improve symptom severity and physical function.1 The X-STOP device is implanted during a short procedure that usually requires only local anesthesia. And because it’s minimally invasive, the X-STOP IPD procedure is associated with a low rate of complications and rapid recovery.
The X-STOP® Interspinous Process Decompression (IPD®) System is indicated for treatment of patients aged 50 or older suffering from neurogenic intermittent claudication secondary to a confirmed diagnosis
of lumbar spinal stenosis (with X-Ray, MRI and/or CT evidence of thickened ligamentum flavum, narrowed lateral recess and/or central canal narrowing). The X-STOP is indicated for those patients with moderately impaired physical
function who experience relief in flexion from their symptoms of leg/buttock/groin pain, with or without back pain, and have undergone a regimen of at least 6 months of non-operative treatment. The X-STOP may be implanted at
one or two lumbar levels in patients in whom operative treatment is indicated at no more than two levels.

Product page: X-STOP® IPD® System …
More: X-STOP(R) IPD(R) System …
Product brochure (.pdf)…
WSJ: 2007 Technology Innovation Winners and Runners-Up …

58790ecli Eclipse Oxygen ConcentratorThis portable oxygen concentrator from San Diego-based SeQual Technologies Inc. has received a special mention from the 2007 WSJ Technology Innovation Awards. The jury was particularly impressed by the device’s small size and weight, and its long battery time.
To learn more:
Product page: Eclipse Oxygen …
Product brochure (.pdf)…
WSJ: 2007 Technology Innovation Winners and Runners-Up …
Flashback: Inogen One Oxygen Therapy …

534rwh2o Water Harvesting Technology from Aqua SciencesAqua Sciences, Inc., a Florida company, has developed proprietary technology to literally extract water from air. A product of Darpa-sponsored research, the company’s mobile water extraction labs are being deployed in Iraq and other places with scarce water availability. According to the Wall Street Journal, which just awarded the company with a Silver Medal in its annual Technology Innovation Awards, the “technology uses a blend of salts to collect water, then employs the combination of heat, chemistry and mechanics to extract the water from the salts.”
From the Aqua Sciences website:

Aqua Sciences™ atmospheric water extraction machines can be furnished and installed in disaster sites, urban, rural and isolated communities to capture, purify and dispense water of superior quality on demand.
Current machines can provide between 350-1,200 gallons of water per day with a target price of approximately $0.25 per gallon dependent upon actual conditions and costs.
Machines may be powered by electricity or a self-contained diesel generator and are environmentally friendly due to lower energy requirements and no harmful or toxic by-products.

To learn more about the system, check out the video below, or read this article from Wired.


Aqua Sciences, Inc. …
WSJ: 2007 Technology Innovation Winners and Runners-Up …

4334ttess Peripheral Vascular Solutions from MultiGene Vascular Systems
Israel21C is reporting that an Israeli company MultiGene Vascular Systems (MGVS) is conducting early stage clinical trials of its patient-specific cell therapy for peripheral vascular disease. According to Israel21C, MultiGene Angio (MGA) cell-based therapy is being tested in such places as Penn University Medical Center and University of Michigan. MGA is in essence a suspension of cells of endothelial and smooth muscle origin, initially taken from the patient’s short vein segment, then isolated, expanded, and gene modified by the transfer of angiogenic genes. This suspension, once given to a patient intraarterially at the site of obstruction, is thought to have angiogenic potential down below, to develop new collateral arteries and to alleviate symptoms of peripheral vascular disease.
What has also caught our attention was the company’s attempts to develop cell-based prosthetic grafts, a project called MultiGeneGraft. Here’s how the company explains its technology:

MultiGeneGraft is a long-lasting, biosynthetic vascular graft lined with the patient’s own endothelial cells, modified to provide improved biocompatibility. MultiGeneGraft serves as a prosthetic conduit in PAD patients undergoing bypass surgery or as an access site for patients with renal disease who need hemodialysis.
The failure rate of uncoated small caliber synthetic grafts is high: approximately 50% are occluded within the first 3 years after transplantation by thrombosis and neointimal formation. Coating these grafts with endothelial cells improves their patency. Our studies show, that in order to obtain prolonged patency, the graft inner lumen must be effectively coated with endothelial cells. MGVS MultiGeneGrafts are seeded with the patient’s own endothelial cells that have undergone ex vivo gene modification to improve cell adhesion to the graft, enhance endothelial cell proliferation, and reduce graft failure by inhibiting neointimal formation.
MultiGeneGraft production process is initiated by endothelial cell isolation from a short vein segment stripped from the patient’s arm under local anesthesia. Next, endothelial cells are expanded, characterized, and gene modified by the transfer of two unique genes. Finally, the modified endothelial cells are seeded onto a synthetic graft, using a custom built seeding device developed by MGVS to homogenically seed 4 to 6mm grafts. The MultiGeneGraft final product is transferred to the hospital and implanted in the patient.

MGVS – MultiGene Vascular Systems Ltd. website…
Israel21c: Israeli cell therapy could help PAD sufferers walk again …

In a development that may very well change the lives of millions of diabetics worldwide, UC Irvine scientists are testing the levels of methyl nitrates in exhaled air as a marker for elevated blood sugar levels.

By using a chemical analysis method developed for air-pollution testing, UC Irvine chemists and pediatricians have found that children with type-1 diabetes exhale significantly higher concentrations of methyl nitrates when they are hyperglycemic.
The study heralds the potential of a breath device that can warn diabetics of high blood sugar levels and of the need for insulin. Currently, diabetics monitor blood sugar levels using devices that break the skin to attain a small blood sample. Hyperglycemia is common in type-1 diabetes mellitus.
Study results appear this week in the early online version of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
“Breath analysis has been showing promise as a diagnostic tool in a number of clinical areas, such as with ulcers and cystic fibrosis,” said Dr. Pietro Galassetti, a diabetes researcher with the General Clinical Research Center (GCRC) at UC Irvine. “While no clinical breath test yet exists for diabetes, this study shows the possibility of non-invasive methods that can help the millions who have this chronic disease.”
In the study, Galassetti, Dr. Dan Cooper and Andria Pontello of the GCRC conducted breath-analysis testing on 10 children with type-1 diabetes mellitus. The researchers took air samples during a hyperglycemic state and progressively as they increased the children’s blood insulin levels.

Press release: Breath analysis offers potential for non-invasive blood sugar monitoring in diabetes…

23151wrtt1 Evolutionary Age of Smallpox Older Than ThoughtResearchers from the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and the Centers for Disease Control have sequenced and analyzed the various strains of smallpox they have stored away, to discover that, apparently, the pathogen is much older than was originally thought.

The researchers created a molecular clock by looking at the rate of random mutations in the smallpox-causing virus collected in 47 locations around the world, from 1946 – 1977. The variation between the strains was compared to sequences from the most similar animal poxes.
The results indicated that a mild and more severe strain diverged either 16,000 or 68,000 years before present, depending on whether accounts from East Asia or Africa are used to calibrate the molecular clock. In either case, this divergence stretches further back in time than previously believed.
The authors compare hypotheses about where and when strains of the virus evolved. No one hypotheses is ruled out, but an ancient origin seems most plausible since the slowly evolving virus now exclusively infects humans, implying that any intermediate link to an animal host has long since died out.

Press release: New molecular clock from LLNL and CDC indicates smallpox evolved earlier than believed

throckmorton nr Portable Device Under Development for Biotoxin DetectionBuilding on technology developed at Sandia National Lab, three institutions are joining forces to develop a field biotoxin detector for use by first responders after accidental toxic exposure or bioterror attack.

The Sandia-led project – which will include collaborations with the University of Massachusetts and Bio-Rad Laboratories – builds upon the success of the lab’s well-known “spit project,” a program also funded by the NIH. That project could allow dentists to one day quickly test patients for gum disease and other afflictions via saliva samples.
Anson Hatch, a Sandia bioengineer and a microfluidic expert, will lead the microfluidic assay development effort. The system will incorporate microfluidic methods developed by Hatch and others at Sandia that facilitate hands-free analysis by integrating sample pretreatment with electrophoretic immunoassays that quickly measure analyte concentrations in blood. The self-contained device will consist of miniaturized electronics, optical elements, fluid-handling components, data acquisition software, and a user interface.

Press Release: Sandia researchers to develop portable microfluidic platform for rapid detection of biotoxins

cancer link enlarged New Carcinogenic Role of microRNAs DiscoveredThough microRNA’s have been known of playing a role in cancer development for some time, an MIT postdoc demonstrated that they play a significant role in the metastatic process of cancer cells.

Labs have been probing the relationship between aberrant microRNA levels and cancer for several years. They’ve shown that some microRNAs cause normal cells to divide rapidly and form tumors, but they’ve never demonstrated that microRNAs subsequently cause cancer cells to metastasize, or spread.
Now, working in the lab of MIT Biology Professor and Whitehead Member Robert Weinberg, Postdoctoral Fellow Li Ma has coaxed cancer cells to break away from a tumor and colonize distant tissues in mice by simply increasing the level of one microRNA…
Ma began with a list of 29 microRNAs expressed at different levels in tumors versus normal tissue. She examined their production in two groups of cancer cells–metastatic and non-metastatic. Metastatic cancer cells (including those taken directly from patients) contained much higher levels of one microRNA called microRNA-10b.
Next, Ma forced non-metastatic human breast cancer cells to produce lots of microRNA-10b by inserting extra copies of the gene. She injected the altered cancer cells into the mammary fat pads of mice, which soon developed breast tumors that metastasized.
MicroRNAs typically disrupt protein production by binding to the messenger RNAs that copy DNA instructions for proteins and carry them to “translators.” Ma used a program developed in the lab of Whitehead Member David Bartel to search for the target of microRNA-10b. She identified several candidates, including the messenger RNA for a gene called HoxD10.
Generally involved in development, Hox proteins control many genes active in an embryo. Some Hox proteins have also been implicated in cancer. HoxD10, for example, can block the expression of genes required for cancer cells to move–essentially applying the brakes to a migration process.
To test whether she had removed the brakes during her experiment, awakening the dormant migration process, Ma boosted the level of HoxD10 in the cancer cells with artificially high levels of microRNA-10b. The cells lost their newly acquired abilities to move and invade.

More from MIT
Image caption: Small secondary tumors (shown in green) formed in the lungs of mice after Li Ma, a postdoctoral researcher at the Whitehead Institue for Biomedical Research, inserted human breast cancer cells into their mammary fat pads. The cancer cells, which normally don’t metastasize, acquired the ability to move and invade when Ma boosted the level of a single microRNA.